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The concepts of analogy and homology are probably easier to exemplify than to define. When different species are structurally compared, certain features can be described as either analogous or homologous. For example, flight requires certain rigid aeronautical principles of design, yet birds, bats, and insects have all conquered the air. The wings of all three types of animals derive from functions. In this case, the light organs of creatures can be said to be analogous. In contrast, features that arise from the same structures in the embryo but are used in different functions are said to be homologous. The pectoral fins of a fish, the wings of a bird and the forelimbs of a mammal are all homologous structures. They are genetically related in the sense that both the forelimb and the wing evolved from the fin.
A shark's fin and a tiger's claws
A spider's legs and a horse's legs
A monkey's tail and an elephant's tail
A man's arms and a bird's wings
perform the same general function
are only found in highly developed animals
are genetically related
come from different embryological structures
Buildings
units of grammar
Organizational principles
Features of an animal's anatomy
difficult to understand
easier to understand through examples than through definitions
impossible to explain
simple to define but hard to apply
A general concept is introduced , examples are given , and a conclusion is offered.
Two proposals are suggested and support for both is offered.
Two definitions of the same concept are compared.
A contrast is drawn between two concepts be means of examples.
'of the same kind'
'of the same place'
'of the same race'
'of the same destiny'
The door is to be shut
let the door be shut
The door may be shut
The door will be shut
many more information must be reviewed
is necessary to review more
another information must to be reviewed
we must review much more information
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